Quiz 6

1.Define system software and identify the two types of system software.

System software is computer software designed to operate the computer hardware and to provide a platform for running application software.
Two basic types of system software are:

An operating system is software, consisting of programs and data, that runs on computers, manages computer hardware resources, and provides common services for execution of various application software. in a computer system. Without an operating system, a user cannot run an application program on their computer, unless the application program is self booting. The operating system is the most important type of system software
Utility software is a kind of system software designed to help analyze, configure, optimize and maintain the computer. A single piece of utility software is usually called a utility or tool.

      

2.Briefly describe various server operating systems: Windows Server, UNIX,Linux, Solaris, and NetWare.

Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX, sometimes also written as Unix) is a multitasking, multi-useroperating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Brian Kernighan, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. computer

Unix was designed to be portable, multi-tasking and multi-user in a time-sharing configuration. Unix systems are characterized by various concepts: the use of plain text for storing data; a hierarchical file system; treating devices and certain types of inter-process communication (IPC) as files; and the use of a large number of software tools, small programs that can be strung together through a command line interpreter using pipes, as opposed to using a single monolithic program that includes all of the same functionality. These concepts are collectively known as the Unix philosophy.


Under Unix, the "operating system" consists of many utilities along with the master control program, the kernel. The kernel provides services to start and stop programs, handles the file system and other common "low level" tasks that most programs share, and, perhaps most importantly, schedules access to hardware to avoid conflicts if two programs try to access the same resource or device simultaneously. To mediate such access, the kernel was given special rights on the system, leading to the division between user-space and kernel-space.

A Linux-based system is a modular Unix-like operating system. It derives much of its basic design from principles established in Unix during the 1970s and 1980s. Such a system uses a monolithic kernel, the Linux kernel, which handles process control, networking, and peripheral and file system access. Device drivers are either integrated directly with the kernel or added as modules loaded while the system is running.

Solaris is a Unix operating system originally developed by Sun Microsystems. It superseded their earlier SunOS in 1993. Oracle Solaris, as it is now known, has been owned by Oracle Corporation since Oracle's acquisition of Sun in January 2010.


3.Summarize the features of several embedded operating systems: Windows Embedded CE, Windows Mobile, Palm OS,

iPhone OS, BlackBerry, Google Android, Embedded Linux, and Symbian OS.
Windows CE is optimized for devices that have minimal storage—a Windows CE kernel may run in under a megabyte of memory. Devices are often configured without disk storage, and may be configured as a “closed” system that does not allow for end-user extension (for instance, it can be burned into ROM). Windows CE conforms to the definition of a real-time operating system, with a deterministic interrupt latency. From version 3 and onward, the system supports 256 priority levels and uses priority inheritance for dealing with priority inversion. The fundamental unit of execution is the thread. This helps to simplify the interface and improve execution time.
Most versions of Windows Mobile for Pocket PC have these standard features:
Today screen shows the current date, owner information, upcoming appointments, e-mail messages, and tasks. (Home screen in later WM6.5 builds)

The taskbar shows the current time and the audio volume.

Office Mobile, a suite of Mobile versions of Microsoft Office applications, including Outlook Mobile.
Internet Explorer Mobile, an Internet browser developed by Microsoft for Pocket PC and Handheld PC that comes loaded by default with Windows Mobile and Windows CE for Handheld PC.


 4.File system similar to that of Windows 9x/Windows NT, with support for many of the same file types.
Ability to multitask.

The key features of the current Palm OS Garnet are:
Simple, single-tasking environment to allow launching of full screen applications with a basic, common GUI set
Monochrome or color screens with resolutions up to 480x320 pixel

Handwriting recognition input system called Graffiti 2

HotSync technology for data synchronization with desktop computers

Sound playback and record capabilities

Simple security model: Device can be locked by password, arbitrary application records can be made private

TCP/IP network access

Serial port/USB, infrared, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi connections
5.Expansion memory card support
Defined standard data format for personal information management applications to store calendar, address, task and note entries, accessible by third-party applications.

Quiz 5

1. Differentiate between storage devices and storage media.

A storage medium (media is the plural) is the physical material on which items are kept. A storage device is the computer hardware that records and retrieves items to and from a storage medium. Storage devices can function as sources of input and output. When storage devices transfer items from a storage medium into memory – a process called reading – they function as sources of input. When storage devices transfer items from memory to a storage medium – a process called writing – they function as sources of output.

2. Identify the uses of tape, magnetic stripe cards, smart cards, microfilm and microfiche, and enterprise storage.
Tape, one of the first storage media used with mainframe computers, is a magnetically-coated ribbon of plastic capable of storing large amounts of data and information at low cost. Because it requires sequential access, or consecutive reading and writing of data, tape is used for long-term storage and backup. (Floppy disks, hard disks, and compact discs all use direct access, which means you can locate a data item immediately, without having to move through all the items stored in front of it.

A magnetic stripe card is a type of card capable of storing data by modifying the magnetism of tiny iron-based magnetic particles on a band of magnetic material on the card. The magnetic stripe, sometimes called swipe card or mag stripe, is read by physical contact and swiping past a magnetic reading head.

A smart card, chip card, or integrated circuit card (ICC), is any pocket-sized card with embedded integrated circuits. A smart card or microprocessor cards contain volatile memory and microprocessor components. The card is made of plastic, generally polyvinyl chloride, but sometimes acrylonitrile butadiene styrene or polycarbonate . Smart cards may also provide strong security authentication for single sign-on (SSO) within large organizations.

Microfilm and microfiche images are so small that they can be read only with a microfilm and microfiche reader. Large organizations use microfilm and microfiche to archive inactive files.
Microfilm and microfiche are used to store microscopic images of documents on roll of sheet film.
enterprise storage is the computer storage designed for large-scale, high-technology environments of the modern enterprises. When comparing to the consumer storage, it has higher scalability, higher reliability, better fault tolerance, and much higher initial price.

3. Describe the various types of flash memory storage: solid state drives, memory cards, USB flash drives, and ExpressCard modules.

A solid-state drive (SSD) is a data storage device that uses solid-state memory to store persistent data with the intention of providing access in the same manner of a traditional block i/o hard disk drive. SSDs are distinguished from traditional hard disk drives (HDDs), which are electromechanical devices containing spinning disks and movable read/write heads. SSDs, in contrast, use microchips which retain data in non-volatile memory chips[1] and contain no moving parts.[1] Compared to electromechanical HDDs, SSDs are typically less susceptible to physical shock, are silent, and have lower access time and latency, but are more expensive per gigabyte (GB) and typically support a limited number of writes over the life of the device. SSDs use the same interface as hard disk drives, thus easily replacing them in most applications.

A memory card or flash card is an electronic flash memory data storage device used for storing digital information. They are commonly used in many electronic devices, including digital cameras, mobile phones, laptop computers, MP3 players, and video game consoles. They are small, re-recordable, and able to retain data without power.

A USB flash drive consists of a flash memory data storage device integrated with a USB (Universal Serial Bus) interface. USB flash drives are typically removable and rewritable, and physically much smaller than a floppy disk. Most weigh less than 30 g (1 oz).[1] Storage capacities in 2010 can be as large as 256 GB[2][citation needed] and offer a 10-year[citation needed]shelf storage time with steady improvements in size and price per capacity expected. Some allow 1 million write or erase cycles

The Expresscard module is a new technology that slots into a computer system to allow the addition of hardware capabilities. The Expresscard was introduced by the Personal Computer Memory CardPCMCIA) in 2003 and is a thinner, lighter and faster modular expansion for users of desktop and notebook computers. Hardware capabilities such as extra memory, wired and wireless communication tools and security devices can be added by inserting these modules into the system. International Association

4. Differentiate among various types of optical discs: CDs, archive discs and Picture CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray Discs.
Compact Disc

Released in 1982, the CD (compact disc) revolutionized the music industry by offering digital sound to home consumers in replacement of analog formats. The CD was eventually transitioned from a music source to a form of storage for data. In 1990, the CD-R was introduced and allowed for the creation of optical discs at home with a personal computer. The average CD allows for up to 700 MB of data storage. Digital bits are stored as pits on the reflective material in the disc. A red wavelength laser detects these pits and converts them to a digital signal.
Digital Versatile/Video Disktop

Released in the late 1990s, DVDs offered a widely accepted digital movie format. Allowing 4.7 GB for a single-layer disc and up to 8.5 GB for a dual-layer disc, DVD was an excellent choice for personal backups of data on a DVD-R or movie media. DVD is not only used for data and video. DVD-Audio discs are uncompressed studio master recordings that offer much higher bit-rate than a standard CD. DVDs used a red wavelength laser, much like CDs.
High Definition DVD

HD-DVD was released by Toshiba as a competing format to Sony's Blu-ray disc. HD-DVD offered enough storage space for full-length, high-definition movies on a single disc. HD-DVD discs were capable of holding 15 GB per layer with a maximum of two layers. Toshiba had planned on eventually releasing three-layer discs; however, with shifts of movie production studios, support for HD-DVD dwindled until Toshiba announced it would no longer continue the format. HD-DVD drives use a blue wavelength laser that is able to read smaller pits on the optical media.

Blu-ray

Blu-ray is the newest

MUSIC IS ENDLESS

Music is life

Music is colorful

Music is passion

Music is soothing.

Music makes one romantic

Music evades loneliness

Music makes to forget worries

Music gives hope.


Music can take you ages back

Music can tell you stories

Music can control emotions

Music is always endless….

...good evening...

^_^

Quiz 3

Answers
1. Describe the four categories of output.

Answer

Monitors

Flat-screen monitors are more energy efficient than cathode ray-tube monitors. There are two major categories of monitors:

· -Cathode ray-tube or CRT

· -Liquid crystal display also known as flat-screen or LCD.

Both measure screen size diagonally and connect to the computer via USB port or a conventional printer cord. The flat-screen monitor uses less power and causes less eye strain.

Speakers and Headphones

Headphones are used to turn your computer into a telephone, stereo, or video game. Part of the sound card system that produces multimedia, speakers and headphones produce audio output. The range of audio equipment available to the average computer user is tailored to Messenger users, gamers, movie and video enthusiasts, and musicians. Most headphones also include a microphone for input as well.

Printers

Modern printers are advanced enough to publish detailed graphic arts and photos. Printers are used to make hard copies of computer output. There are three different kinds of printers.

· -Dot matrix is the oldest and since it is slow and rather noisy compared to laser and ink-jet printers it is no longer widely used.

· -Laser printers are the most expensive, but are fast and quiet

· -Ink jet printers are inexpensive to buy, but the paper and toner consumption makes up for the cheap retail price.


Disks and External Drives

Portable memory sticks may have rendered CDs obsolete as output devices. CDs (which include rewritable CDs, DVDs), floppy disks and external hard drives are used as storage devices for data output. Data can be text, video, audio or graphics files. External memory drives are often portable depending on the size. Both disk drives and CDs can also be used as input devices.

2. Characteristics of:
LCD Monitor- ultra-slim, stylish, full color display devices for the PC that fit in any part of the home or office.

LCD Screens- lightweight, aesthetically appealing, energy efficient and long-term cost effective.

Plasma Monitors- produce rich colors along with very deep blacks, wide viewing

TV’s are lit individually so the pixels can be completely turned off to display truck black colors.

HDTV’s- black level, brightness, contrast, color saturation, image processing, screen composition, tuners and cable card.


3. Components Inside the System Unit:
Processor
memory
adapter cards
ports

drive bays

power supply

motherboard

chip

Central Processing Unit

Machine Cycle


4. Components of a Processor:

Control Unit

Arithmetic/ Logic Unit (ALU)

Register

The machine cycle is the name of the four operations of the CPU. The first step is to 'fetch' the program instructions/data from the memory. The second step is to 'decode', which means translate the instruction into instructions. Step three is to 'execute', carry out the instruction. Finally step four is to 'store', write the result back to memory.


5. Define a BIT and Describe how a series of Bits Represents a Data


When the user press any letter using the keyboard the electronic signal from that letter is sent to the system unit then the system unit convert it to its binary code and stored in memory for processing. After processing the binary code for that particular letter is converted to an image and displayed on the output device.

6. Categories of Application Software:

Personal productivity Applications

Multimedia and Graphics applications

Communications applications

Home and Educational


7. The Key Features in Business programs in terms of software is editing and typing and other stuff knowing what letters to use like formatting.
8. Using web authoring software can help build web pages faster, an advantage if you are facing a deadline or a large project. There are several different types of web authoring software you can use to make great web pages without having to know all of the ins and outs of web page creation.


9. History Of Internet


The history of the Internet starts in the 1950s and 1960s with the development of computers. This began with point-to-point communication between mainframe computers and terminals, expanded to point-to-point connections between computers and then early research into packet switching. Packet switched networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, where multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of networks.

In 1982 the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardized and the concept of a world-wide network of fully interconnected TCP/IP networks called the Internet was introduced. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) developed the Computer Science NetworkNSFNET provided access to supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. Commercial internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the late 1980s and 1990s and the Internet was commercialized in 1995 when NSFNET was decommissioned, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic. (CSNET) and again in 1986 when

Since the mid-1990s the Internet has had a drastic impact on culture and commerce, including the rise of near instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) "phone calls", two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites. The research and education community continues to use advanced networks such as NSF's very high speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) and Internet2. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more. The Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information and knowledge, commerce, entertainment and social networking.

 10. Different storage devices:

Hard drive

External Hard Drives

network Attached Storage

Optical Media Storage

Flash Drives

"Never Understand"

Everyone insists on telling me
We're not meant to be together
How can I make them realise
This love will last forever

Ever since I first saw you
I knew we were meant to be
Nobody seems to understand
And they still all disagree

They say that they're telling me this
Simply because thay care
I long for a place that we're along
Away from accusing stares

They don't know about this love we have
But they still think they know best
I'm sick of everyone making trouble
And causing all this stress

They'll be frowning on us all the time
Even when we wear our wedding bands
But untill they see inside our hearts
They'll never understand


....Good Evening....

...alice jean 25... 

"M U S I C"

 

MUSIC doth uplift me like a sea
Towards my planet pale,
Then through dark fogs or heaven's infinity
I lift my wandering sail.

With breast advanced, drinking the winds that flee,
And through the cordage wail,
I mount the hurrying waves night hides from me
Beneath her sombre veil.

I feel the tremblings of all passions known
To ships before the breeze;
Cradled by gentle winds, or tempest-blown

I pass the abysmal seas
That are, when calm, the mirror level and fair
Of my despair!

Friends

A FRIEND is someone who knows your song
and sings it to you when you have forgotten it...

FRIENDS are those who are not fooled
by mistakes you have made or dark images you
hold about yourself..

They remember your beauty when
you are ugly...

Your wholeness
when you feel
BROKEN...

Your innocence
when you feel
GUILTY...

And your purpose
when you are
confused...

FRIENDS are gift from God..


...G o o d   E v e n i n g....


^_^